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Virgin Interactive Entertainment

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Avalon Interactive Group, Ltd.
FormerlyUK Branch
  • Virgin Games Ltd. (1983–1988, 1991–1993)
  • Virgin Mastertronic Ltd. (1988–1991)
  • Virgin Interactive Entertainment (Europe) Limited (1993–2003)
Company typePrivate
IndustryVideo games
PredecessorVirgin Games
Mastertronic
Founded1983; 41 years ago (1983) (as Virgin Games)
Defunct1998 (1998) (US)
November 22, 2005 (2005-11-22) (UK)[1]
FateUK Branch
Closed down after the bankruptcy of Titus Interactive
American branch
Purchased by Electronic Arts
French branch
Closed due to Titus' bankruptcy
Spanish branch
Split off and re-established as Virgin Play
SuccessorEA Pacific
Westwood Studios
Interplay Entertainment
Virgin Play
HeadquartersLondon, England, UK (international HQ)
Irvine, California, US (global HQ)[2]
Key people
Revenue£67 million ($99 million) (1993)[4]
Number of employees
500 (1997)
ParentVirgin Group (1983–1994)[a]
Hasbro (1993–1994)[b]
Blockbuster (1994)[5][c]
Spelling Entertainment (1994–1998)[6][d]
Independent (1998–1999)[e]
Interplay Entertainment (1999–2001)[f]
Titus Interactive SA (1999–2005)[7][g]
SubsidiariesAvalon Interactive (Holdings) Limited[8]
Avalon Interactive (Investments) Limited[1]
Avalon Interactive (Overseas) Limited[9]
Avalon Interactive (UK) Limited[10]
Avalon Interactive SARL
Avalon Interactive Deutschland GmbH[11]
Websitewww.avaloninteractive.co.uk (defunct)

Avalon Interactive Group, Ltd., formerly known as Virgin Interactive Entertainment, was a British video game distributor based within Europe that formerly traded as the video game publishing and distributing division of British conglomerate the Virgin Group.

During the company's time under the Virgin brand, they had developed and published games for major platforms and employed developers, including Westwood Studios co-founder Brett Sperry and Earthworm Jim creators David Perry and Doug TenNapel. Others include video game composer Tommy Tallarico and animators Bill Kroyer and Andy Luckey.

Formed as Virgin Games in 1983,[12] and built around a small development team called the Gang of Five, the company grew significantly after purchasing budget label Mastertronic in 1987.[12][13] As Virgin's video game division grew into a multimedia powerhouse, it crossed over to other industries from toys[14] to film[15] to education.[16] To highlight its focus beyond video games and on multimedia, the publisher was renamed Virgin Interactive Entertainment in 1993.[13]

As result of a growing trend throughout the 1990s of media companies, movie studios and telecom firms investing in video game makers to create new forms of entertainment, VIE became part of the entertainment industry after being acquired by media companies Blockbuster and Viacom, who were attracted by its multimedia and CD-ROM-based software development. Being located in close proximity to the thirty-mile zone and having access to the media content of its parent companies drew Virgin Interactive's U.S. division closer to Hollywood as it began developing sophisticated interactive games, leading to partnerships with Disney and other major studios on motion picture-based games such as The Lion King, Aladdin, RoboCop, and The Terminator, in addition to being the publisher of popular titles from other companies like Capcom's Resident Evil series and Street Fighter Collection and id Software's Doom II in the European market.

Within the late-1990s, the North American operations were sold to Electronic Arts, while the European division later went under the hands of Interplay Entertainment and Titus Interactive. They soon transitioned exclusively as a distributor and were rebranded by Titus as Avalon Interactive in August 2003, and closed in 2005 following the former's bankruptcy. Currently, the VIE library and intellectual properties are owned by Interplay Entertainment as a result of its acquisition of Titus. A close affiliate and successor of Spanish origin, Virgin Play, was formed in 2002 from the ashes of former Virgin Interactive's Spanish division and kept operating until it folded in 2009.

History

[edit]

Early history (1983–1987)

[edit]

Nick Alexander formed Virgin Games in 1983 after leaving Thorn EMI. It was headquartered in Portobello Road, London. The firm initially relied on submissions by freelancer developers, but set up its own in-house development team in 1984, known as the Gang of Five. Early successes included Sorcery and Dan Dare.[17] The company expanded with the acquisition of several smaller publishers, Rabbit Software,[18] New Generation Software[19] and Leisure Genius (publishers of the first officially licensed computer versions of Scrabble, Monopoly and Cluedo).[19]

Purchase of Mastertronic and rebranding to Virgin Mastertronic (1987–1991)

[edit]

1987 marked a turning point for Virgin after its acquisition of struggling distributor Mastertronic. Mastertronic had opened its North American headquarters in Irvine, California just a year earlier to build on its success at home,[2][20] though growth exhausted its resources after expanding in Europe and acquiring publisher Melbourne House. Richard Branson stepped in and offered to buy 45 percent of Mastertronic stake, in exchange Mastertronic joined the Virgin Group.[21] The subsequent merger created Virgin Mastertronic Ltd. in 1988 with Alper as its president which enabled Virgin to expand its business reach overseas. Mastertronic had been the distributor of the Master System in the United Kingdom and is credited with introducing Sega to the European market, where they expanded rapidly. The Mastertronic acquisition enabled Virgin to compete with Nintendo in the growing home console market.[22]

Return to publishing (1991–1993)

[edit]

To gain a foothold in its newly established market, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. acquired Mastertronic in 1991 while Virgin retained a small publishing unit, which was renamed Virgin Interactive Entertainment in 1993.[12]

Hasbro, who had previously licensed some of its properties to Virgin, bought 15 percent—later increased to 16.2 percent—stake in VIE in August 1993. Hasbro wanted to create titles based on its brands, which included Transformers, G.I. Joe and Monopoly. The deal cut off competitors like Mattel and Fisher-Price who were interested in a similar partnership.[23]

In late 1993, Virgin Interactive spun off a new company, Virgin Sound and Vision, to focus exclusively on CD-based children's and family entertainment.[24]

Purchase by Blockbuster Entertainment and Spelling Entertainment (1994–1998)

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As more media companies became interested in interactive entertainment, Blockbuster Entertainment, then the world's largest video-store chain, acquired 20 percent of Virgin Interactive Entertainment in January 1994.[25] It acquired 75 percent of VIE's stock later in 1994 and purchased the remaining shares held by Hasbro in an effort to expand beyond its video store base. Hasbro went on to found their own game company, Hasbro Interactive the following year.[6] The partnership with Blockbuster ended a year later when Blockbuster sold its stake to Spelling Entertainment, at the time being a subsidiary of Viacom. Viacom is the owner of Paramount Pictures and MTV, which made Virgin Interactive part of one of the world's largest entertainment companies.[2] Viacom had planned to sell Spelling and buy Virgin Interactive out of Spelling before the sale. While it abandoned the Spelling sale some time ago, the collapse in the games market appears to have killed off any interest in buying Virgin.[6][26]

Blockbuster and Viacom invested heavily in the production of CD-based interactive multimedia—video games featuring sophisticated motion-picture video, stereo sound and computer animation. VIE's headquarters were expanded to include 17 production studios where expensive SGI "graphics supercomputers" were used to build increasingly complicated games,[13] eventually becoming one of the five largest U.S.-based video game companies.[27]

In 1995, VIE signed a deal with Capcom to publish its titles in Europe, supplanting Acclaim Entertainment as Capcom's designated European distributor.[28] The U.S. division's American development branch had adopted the name Burst in 1995 via recommendation from Neil Young.[29] VIE later published titles released by other companies, such as Hudson Soft. That year, the company expanded their distribution arm over to Spain, by forming Virgin Interactive España SA. In the same year, the company launched a budget reissue brand for their PC titles called "The White Label".[30]

Re-independence and purchase of US operations by Electronic Arts (1998–1999)

[edit]

Spelling put its ownership of Virgin up for sale as a public stock offering in 1997, stating that Virgin's financial performance had been disappointing.[31] Since Spelling's purchase of the company, Virgin had lost $14 million in 1995 and was expected to post similar losses for 1996.[32]

In 1998, Virgin Interactive's US operations were divested to Electronic Arts as part of its $122.5 million (£75 million) acquisition of Westwood Studios that same year.[33][34] Electronic Arts also acquired the Burst Studios development studio, which was renamed to Westwood Pacific by its new owners.

The European division though was put out in a majority stake buyout backed by Mark Dyne, who became its chief executive officer in the same year. Tim Chaney, the former managing director was named president.

Purchase by Interplay and Titus (1999–2001)

[edit]

On February 17, 1999, Virgin Interactive announced they had entered into a distribution agreement with Interplay Entertainment, where Interplay would distribute Virgin Interactive's titles in North America and several other territories including South America and Japan, while Virgin Interactive would exclusively distribute Interplay's titles in Europe, folding their own distribution arm in the process. To coincide with the distribution agreement, Interplay acquired a 43.9% minority stake (Initially a 49.9% stake) in the company.[35][36] The deal was made as part of Interplay's attempt to gain profits, and the deal did not include publishing, which would remain as stand-alone entities.

In July 1999, French publisher Titus Interactive announced plans to purchase 50.6% of Interplay's shares.[37] Shortly after the purchase, they announced they would purchase a 50.1% majority stake in Virgin Interactive, with the publisher's shareholders and management retaining a 6% stake.[38] The following year in May 2000, Titus acquired the shareholders' 6% stake, with Titus now holding 56.6% in Virgin while Interplay retained their 43.9% stake. Titus also announced on the same day that Virgin Interactive would now distribute its titles in Europe and replace their standalone distribution arm.[39] The deal was made following a similar distribution agreement in North America that would allow Interplay to market Titus' titles in the territory. A week later, Virgin signed a deal with Swing! Entertainment Media AG to distribute their titles in all European territories.[40]

Virgin's presence outside Europe at this point was almost non-existent, with only a few titles such as Viva Soccer and Jimmy White's 2: Cueball, which was distributed in the North American market by Bay Area Multimedia instead of Interplay.[41] However, in 2001, the North American branch of Titus; Titus Software, announced to resurrect the Virgin Interactive brand in North America to release several of Virgin's existing European PC releases as $20 budget titles.[42]

Acquisition by Titus, sale of Spanish operations, rebranding, and fate (2002–2006)

[edit]
Logo as Avalon Interactive

On 16 April 2001, Titus announced they had expanded their shares in Interplay to 72.5% and purchased their stake in Virgin Interactive, making Virgin a fully-owned subsidiary of Titus Interactive, S.A. The deal was done to simplify their publishing and distribution sides, with Virgin continuing to be Titus and Interplay's exclusive European distributor.[43]

On June 11, 2002, Titus announced they had accepted a management buyout of Virgin's Spanish operations; Virgin Interactive España SA, by Virgin's former CEO Tim Chaney along with former Spanish president and founder Paco Encinas. The deal was done for Titus to focus more on the UK, French and German subsidiaries.[44] The business was renamed as Virgin Play in October, and would continue to distribute Titus and Interplay titles in Spain.

On July 1, 2003, Titus announced that Virgin Interactive would be renamed Avalon Interactive,[45] with the French, Benelux and German operations soon following afterward.

In August 2004, the company launched a PC budget range titled "Just2Play" with Dutch publisher Xing Interactive for the UK and Benelux territories. The range was aimed to be similar to Avalon's White Label range, but with the addition of titles from Xing Interactive.[46]

Closure

[edit]

In January 2005, Titus Interactive filed for bankruptcy with €33 million ($43.8 million) debt.[47] Avalon France and all of Titus' French operations were closed down immediately, while the UK branch continued to trade as Titus' non-French operations were unaffected. Avalon's UK operations were dissolved by November 2005.[48]

Games

[edit]

European distributed titles

[edit]

This category includes titles that were distributed by Virgin Interactive in European territories.

Title Year Platform(s) Publisher(s)
R/C Stunt Copter 1999 PlayStation Interplay
Carmageddon 1999 PlayStation SCi
Carmageddon 1999 Game Boy Color SCi
Carmageddon 64 1999 Nintendo 64 SCi
Earthworm Jim 3D 1999 Nintendo 64, Microsoft Windows Interplay
Invictus 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Renegade Racers 2000 PlayStation
Microsoft Windows		 Interplay
Messiah 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
MDK2 2000 Microsoft Windows
Dreamcast		 Interplay
Descent 3 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Caesars Palace 2000 2000 PlayStation
Dreamcast
Microsoft Windows		 Interplay
Star Trek: Klingon Academy 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Icewind Dale 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Draconus: Cult of the Wyrm 2000 Dreamcast Interplay
Star Trek: New Worlds 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys 2000 Nintendo 64 Titus
Blues Brothers 2000 2000 Nintendo 64 Titus
Bangai-O 2000 Dreamcast Swing!
Casper 2000 Game Boy Color Interplay
Sacrifice 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Incredible Crisis 2000 PlayStation Titus
Kao the Kangaroo 2000 Dreamcast
Microsoft Windows		 Titus
Virtual Pool 3 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Giants: Citizen Kabuto 2000 Microsoft Windows[h] Interplay
Star Trek: Starfleet Command II: Empires at War 2000 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Worms World Party 2001 Dreamcast
Microsoft Windows		 Titus
Virtual Kasparov 2001 (PS1)
2002 (GBA)		 PlayStation
Game Boy Advance		 Titus
Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel 2001 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Exhibition of Speed 2001 Dreamcast Titus
Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal 2001 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Black Isle
Starfleet Command: Orion Pirates 2001 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Hands of Time 2001 Game Boy Color Titus
Top Gun: Firestorm 2001 Game Boy Color Titus
Xena: Warrior Princess 2001 Game Boy Color Titus
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys 2001 Game Boy Color Titus
RoboCop 2001 Game Boy Color Titus
Prehistorik Man 2001 Game Boy Advance Titus
Rox 2001 Game Boy Advance Titus
Top Gun: Combat Zones 2001 (PS2)
2002 (GCN)
2003 (PC)		 PlayStation 2
GameCube
Microsoft Windows		 Titus
Stunt GP 2001 PlayStation 2 Titus
Planet Monsters 2001 Game Boy Advance Titus
Kao the Kangaroo 2001 Game Boy Advance Titus
Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2001 PlayStation 2[i] Interplay
Black Isle
MDK2: Armageddon 2001 PlayStation 2 Interplay
Tir et But: Edition Champions du Monde 2002 Game Boy Advance Titus
Hunter: The Reckoning 2002 Xbox Interplay
Top Gun: Firestorm Advance 2002 Game Boy Advance Titus
Icewind Dale II 2002 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Black Isle
Downforce 2003 PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance Titus
Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader 2003 Microsoft Windows Interplay
Black Isle
Run Like Hell 2003 (PS2)
2004 (Xbox)		 PlayStation 2
Xbox		 Interplay
RoboCop 2003 PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows Titus
Barbarian 2003 PlayStation 2
Xbox		 Titus
Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance II 2004 PlayStation 2
Xbox		 Interplay
Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel 2004 PlayStation 2
Xbox		 Interplay

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ By the time Blockbuster purchased out VIE, Virgin owned a small 10% minority stake in the company.
  2. ^ Hasbro originally acquired a 15% stake, but was later extended to 16.2%.
  3. ^ Blockbuster originally purchased a 73% stake in VIE, but they would eventually purchase Hasbro's stake as well, giving them 100% control of the publisher.
  4. ^ Around this time, Spelling and Blockbuster merged with Viacom, although VIE remained a subsidiary of Spelling.
  5. ^ Virgin's shareholders retained a 6% stake in the company following Titus' purchase until 2000.
  6. ^ 43.9% stake.
  7. ^ Titus originally acquired a 50.1% majority stake, but this was expanded to 56.1% by 2000, and 100% by May 2001.
  8. ^ The PlayStation 2 version was distributed by Empire Interactive.
  9. ^ Later releases, as well as the Xbox and GameCube versions are distributed by Vivendi Universal Games.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "AVALON INTERACTIVE (INVESTMENTS) LTD". opencorporates.com.
  2. ^ a b c "Company Line". Virgin Interactive Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 11, 1998.
  3. ^ "Mastertronic". The Anthony Guter Official Site.
  4. ^ "Blockbuster Buys Slice Of Virgin Video Game Division". Billboard. January 29, 1994. p. 5.
  5. ^ "Blockbuster, Spelling Add Videogame Maker To Stable". Orlando Sentinel. Bloomberg News Service. 1994-06-30.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b c Peers, Martin (1997-02-20). "Spelling plans offering to sell Virgin Interactive". Orlando Sentinel.
  7. ^ "Titus Interactive Agrees Terms to Acquire Control Of Virgin Interactive Entertainment LTD" (Press release). Paris: Titus Interactive. PRNewswire. October 7, 1999.
  8. ^ "AVALON INTERACTIVE (HOLDINGS) LIMITED". opencorporates.com.
  9. ^ "AVALON INTERACTIVE (OVERSEAS) LIMITED". opencorporates.com.
  10. ^ "AVALON INTERACTIVE (UK) LTD". opencorporates.com.
  11. ^ "Avalon Interactive (Deutschland) GmbH". opencorporates.com.
  12. ^ a b c "Corporate Information". Virgin Interactive Entertainment. Archived from the original on 1998-06-11.
  13. ^ a b c Takahashi, Dean (1994-02-10). "O.C.'s Virgin Interactive to Sell Stock : Offering: The video and computer game publisher will deal 16% of shares. Owner's share will dip under 50%". Los Angeles Times.
  14. ^ Takahashi, Dean (1994-02-06). "Big Bets Placed on Game Discs". Los Angeles Times.
  15. ^ Harmon, Amy (1994-06-30). "Spelling to Buy a 75% Stake in Virgin Interactive". Los Angeles Times.
  16. ^ "About VSV". Virgin Sound And Vision. Archived from the original on February 2, 1998.
  17. ^ Fisher, Andrew (July 2014). "Gang Leaders: A Gang of Five Retrospective". Retro Gamer (131): 44–49. ISSN 1742-3155.
  18. ^ "Virgin releases Rabbit titles". Popular Computing Weekly. No. 41. Sunshine Publications. 10 October 1985. p. 5. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Virgin Territory". ZX Computing. Argus Specialist Publications. July 1986. p. 5. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  20. ^ Guter, Anthony. "A History of Mastertronic". The Mastertronic site on Guter.Org.
  21. ^ Pettus, Sam (2013). Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA: Enhanced Edition. CreateSpace. pp. 410–411. ISBN 978-1494288358.
  22. ^ Branson, Richard (2011). Losing My Virginity: How I Survived, Had Fun, and Made a Fortune Doing Business My Way. Crown Business. pp. 124–127. ISBN 978-0307720740.
  23. ^ Takahashi, Dean (1993-08-27). "Hasbro to Buy 15% Stake in O.C.'s Virgin Subsidiary". Los Angeles Times.
  24. ^ "Virgin". GamePro. No. 66. IDG. March 1994. p. 186.
  25. ^ McCash, Vicki (1994-06-30). "Blockbuster To Gain Control Of Game Maker". Orlando Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015.
  26. ^ Christman, Ed (1995-05-06). "Alliance May Offer Stock; Blockbuster, Virgin Settle". Billboard. p. 50.
  27. ^ Harmon, Amy (1994-06-30). "Spelling to Buy a 75% Stake in Virgin Interactive". Los Angeles Times.
  28. ^ Harrod, Gus and Gary (February 1996). "Capcom Speak". Mean Machines Sega. No. 40. pp. 21–22.
  29. ^ "Best Of GDC: Paul Steed On 'The Trip' From Artist to Entrepreneur". www.gamedeveloper.com. Retrieved 2024-12-30.
  30. ^ "Virgin to Release More White Label Titles".
  31. ^ Campbell, Colin (May 1997). "Spelling to Dump Virgin". Next Generation. No. 29. Imagine Media. p. 30.
  32. ^ "So Who's Getting Rich?". Next Generation. No. 30. Imagine Media. June 1997. p. 43.
  33. ^ Morris, Chris (1998-08-17). "EA buys Westwood". CNN Money. Cable News Network.
  34. ^ "Virgin Interactive May See Management Buyout". Telecom.paper BV. 1998-09-02.
  35. ^ Interplay Buys Half of Virgin – IGN, 17 February 1999, retrieved 2020-08-31
  36. ^ "Interplay Mingles with Virgin UK". IGN. 1999-02-17. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  37. ^ Huffstutter, P. j (1999-07-12). "Interplay Says French Deal Nearly Complete". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  38. ^ Huffstutter, P. J. (1999-10-08). "Interplay Owner to Take Over Rival". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  39. ^ "TITUS increases its shareholding in Virgin Acquisition Group, LLC". 2004-06-03. Archived from the original on 2004-06-03. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  40. ^ "IT DON'T MEAN A THING IF YOU AINT GOT THAT SWING. Virgin Interactive gain Publishing rights to Swing's extensive line up". Titus Interactive. 30 May 2000. Archived from the original on 2004-06-03. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  41. ^ "Jimmy White's 2: Cueball". IGN. 2000-12-19. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  42. ^ "Virgin returns to PC Gaming". GameSpot. 23 October 2001. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  43. ^ "Titus Interactive Group updates its acquisition strategy as Interplay Entertainment Corp. announces annual results". Titus Interactive. 16 April 2001. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  44. ^ "Titus Interactive has accepted the MBO of its spanish subsidiary Virgin Interactive Entertainment Espana SA". Titus Interactive. 11 June 2002. Archived from the original on 2004-05-07. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  45. ^ "Virgin Interactive name buried as Titus rebrands distribution arm". GamesIndustry.biz. 2 July 2003. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  46. ^ "Avalon announces new PC budget range". 23 August 2004.
  47. ^ "Titus bankrupt, Interplay's future uncertain". Gamespot. 2005-01-05. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  48. ^ "AVALON INTERACTIVE (INVESTMENTS) LTD". opencorporates.com. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  49. ^ "Lone Soldier for PlayStation". GameFaqs.
  50. ^ "TEST : HEIST : ENCORE UN CASSE DE FOIRÉ". Gamekult. 13 February 2001.
  51. ^ "Test: Raub (Taktik & Strategie)". 4Players. 23 February 2001.
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